Updating on Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas Staging / Atualização no estadiamento dos sarcomas ósseos e das partes moles

Abstract Bone and soft tissue sarcomas consist of a heterogeneous group of malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin that can affect patients from any age. The precise staging of these lesions determines the best therapeutic strategies and prognosis estimates. Two staging systems are the most frequently used: the system proposed by the University of Florida group, led by Dr. William F. Enneking (1980) and adopted by the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS), and the system developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) (1977), currently in its 8th edition (2017). This paper updates the reader on the staging of bone and soft tissue sarcomas affecting the musculoskeletal system.

Resumo Os sarcomas ósseos e das partes moles consistem em grupo heterogêneo de neoplasias malignas de origem mesenquimal que podem ocorrer em qualquer faixa etária. O estadiamento preciso destas lesões determina as melhores estratégias terapêuticas e estimativas de prognóstico. Dois sistemas de estadiamento são os mais frequentemente empregados no manejo destas neoplasias: o sistema proposto pelo grupo da Universidade da Flórida, liderado pelo Dr. William F. Enneking (1980), adotado pela Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) e o sistema desenvolvido pela American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) (1977) que se encontra em sua 8a edição (2017). O presente artigo busca atualizar o leitor a respeito do estadiamento dos sarcomas ósseos e das partes moles que acometem o sistema musculoesquelético.

Diagnostic yield of Bronchoscopic techniques in evaluating primary lung cancer: The Philippine General Hospital (PGH) experience

Objectives@#To determine the overall diagnostic yield of bronchoscopy-guided sampling methods in detecting lung cancer at the University of the Philippines, Philippine General Hospital. The diagnostic yield, equivalent to sensitivity, is defined as the number of bronchoscopic sampling or biopsy procedures with a diagnosis of malignancy divided by the total number of confirmed malignant cases. @*Methods@#This is a cross-sectional, retrospective sensitivity study involving bronchoscopy procedures from January 2014 to December 2018. Surgical Pathology and Cytology Reports of eligible cases were accessed through the institutional Laboratory Information System. Sensitive patient information was omitted, and each case was assigned a unique code. The overall diagnostic yield/sensitivity of bronchoscopy and the diagnostic yield/sensitivity of each technique were calculated. @*Results@#A total of 100 patients satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Primary lung malignancies are more common in males and the elderly. The most common primary lung cancer is adenocarcinoma (33%). Bronchoscopy, regardless of whether single or multiple techniques were used, has a diagnostic yield of 86% (CI: 77.6-92.1%). Of the individual techniques, those that obtain solid tissues (endobronchial and transbronchial biopsies; 88.2% [CI: 78.1-94.8%] and 80.0% [CI: 28.4-99.5%], respectively) have higher yields compared to techniques that obtain cytologic samples (bronchial washing and brushing; 54.2% [43.7-64.4%] and 70.1% [58.6-80%], respectively). @*Conclusion@#Bronchoscopy, as a diagnostic procedure for pulmonary malignancies, has relatively high sensitivity and may be used for lesions located centrally and can be inspected visually. A multidisciplinary approach to patient selection for bronchoscopy helps improve the utility of the various bronchoscopic techniques.

Agreement Between Clinical-Radiographic and Histopathological Diagnoses in Maxillofacial Fibro-Osseous Lesions

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the agreement of clinical and radiographic diagnosis with the histopathological diagnosis in fibro-osseous lesions of the jaws. Material and Methods: An analytical and exploratory study was made based on systematic collected data, carried out in the laboratory of surgical pathology of a public Dental School. There were evaluated cases of fibrous dysplasia (FD), cemento-osseous dysplasia (COD) and ossifyng fibroma (OF), diagnosed by clinical, radiographic (panoramic and periapical radiography), and histopathological analysis, in a period of 12 years (from March 2001 to June 2013). Descriptive and inferential statistics (Fisher's exact test) were obtained. Results: Ninety-six cases of FOLs were evaluated. The radiographic aspects of the FOLs studied did not differ significantly (p=0.09). Radiolucent lesions were the least frequent, corresponding to approximately 13.5% of radiographic findings. Mixed lesions and radiopaques were more present, how they were COD and FD, respectively. The more aggressive variation of OF (Juvenile Ossifying Fibroma - JOF) was less frequent among the pathologies evaluated. In approximately 61.46% of the cases clinical and radiographic diagnosis were confirmed by histopathological diagnosis of FOLs. The highest agreement and the highest disagreement were observed in COD cases (40.7% and 62.2%, respectively). Conclusion: FOLs of the maxillaries represent a group of lesions in which the establishment of the clinical and radiographic diagnosis supported by the histopathological confirmation is critical and challenging.

Patología quirúrgica emergente durante la pandemia COVID-19 en un hospital de segundo nivel en Ecuador / Emergency surgical disease during the COVID-19 pandemic in a second level hospital in Ecuador / Patologia cirúrgica emergente durante a pandemia de COVID-19 em um hospital de segundo nível no Equador

INTRODUCCIÓN: desde la declaración de pandemia por la OMS el once de marzo de 2020, ha existido un descenso en los ingresos de pacientes quirúrgicos por la paralización de la cirugía electiva y la disminución de procedimientos quirúrgicos emergentes. OBJETIVO: analizar la incidencia y características de la patología quirúrgica emergente en un hospital de segundo nivel en Ecuador. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, que incluyó a todos los pacientes sometidos a cirugía general emergente en el Hospital General Riobamba IESS, desde el once de marzo hasta el once de agosto de 2020. RESULTADOS: en el estudio se incluyeron 63 pacientes, con una media de edad de 48,54 años; el 50,8% fueron hombres. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue apendicitis aguda en 61,9% casos. Se realizaron 66 cirugías, 36,5% fueron apendicectomías convencionales. El abordaje abierto se llevó a cabo en 68,2% de los pacientes. El 12,7% de pacientes presentaron COVID-19 en el perioperatorio de los cuales 25% fallecieron. La mortalidad general fue del 7,9% y todos los pacientes fallecidos fueron hombres. Discusión: La evidencia acerca del manejo quirúrgico durante la pandemia COVID-19 aún es limitada. La patología quirúrgica emergente no se puede diferir, se deben tener en cuenta el incremento en la mortalidad de pacientes infectados y el riesgo de exposición del equipo quirúrgico. CONCLUSIÓN: durante la pandemia se produjo un descenso en las cirugías realizadas en nuestro centro, la apendicitis aguda continúa siendo la principal patología quirúrgica emergente. La mortalidad se asoció al sexo masculino y diagnóstico de COVID-19.

INTRODUCTION: since the declaration of a pandemic by the WHO on March 11, 2020, there has been a decrease in the admissions of surgical patients due to the paralyzation of elective surgery and the decrease in emerging surgical procedures. OBJECTIVE: to analyze the incidence and characteristics of emerging surgical pathology in a second level hospital in Ecuador. MATERIAL AND METHODS: retrospective and descriptive study, which included all the patients undergoing emergency general surgery at Hospital General Riobamba IESS, from March 11 to August 11, 2020. RESULTS: 63 patients were included in the study, with a mean age of 48.54 years; 50.8% were men. The most frequent diagnosis was acute appendicitis in 61.9% cases. 66 surgeries were performed, 36.5% were conventional appendicectomies. The open approach was carried out in 68.2% of the patients. 12.7% of patients presented COVID-19 in the perioperative period, of which 25% died. Overall mortality was 7.9% and all deceased patients were men. DISCUSSION: the evidence about surgical management during the COVID-19 pandemic is still limited. Emerging surgical pathology cannot be deferred, the increased mortality of infected patients and the risk of exposure of the surgical team must be taken into account. CONCLUSION: during the pandemic there was a decrease in the surgeries performed in our center, acute appendicitis continues to be the main emerging surgical pathology. Mortality was associated with male sex and diagnosis of COVID-19.

INTRODUÇÃO: desde a declaração de uma pandemia pela OMS em 11 de março de 2020, houve uma diminuição nas admissões de pacientes cirúrgicos devido à paralisação das cirurgias eletivas e diminuição dos procedimentos cirúrgicos emergentes. OBJETIVO: analisar a incidência e as características da patologia cirúrgica emergente em um hospital de segundo nível no Equador. Material E Métodos: estudo retrospectivo, descritivo, que incluiu todos os pacientes submetidos à cirurgia geral de urgência no Hospital Geral de Riobamba IESS, no período de 11 de março a 11 de agosto de 2020. RESULTADOS: o estudo incluiu 63 pacientes, com média de idade de 48,54 anos; 50,8% eram homens. O diagnóstico mais frequente foi apendicite aguda em 61,9% dos casos. Foram realizadas 66 cirurgias, 36,5% foram apendicectomias convencionais. A abordagem aberta foi realizada em 68,2% dos pacientes. 12,7% dos pacientes apresentaram COVID-19 no período perioperatório, dos quais 25% morreram. A mortalidade geral foi de 7,9% e todos os pacientes falecidos eran homens. DISCUSSÃO: as evidências sobre o manejo cirúrgico durante a pandemia de COVID-19 ainda são limitadas. A patologia cirúrgica emergente não pode ser adiada, o aumento da mortalidade dos pacientes infectados e o risco de exposição da equipe cirúrgica devem ser levados em consideração. CONCLUSÃO: durante a pandemia houve diminuição das cirurgias realizadas em nosso centro, a apendicite aguda continua sendo a principal patologia cirúrgica emergente. A mortalidade foi associada ao sexo masculino e ao diagnóstico de COVID-19.

Assessment of preoperative endometrial histopathological sampling as a predictor of final surgical pathology in endometrial cancer / Avaliação do diagnóstico histopatológico endometrial pré-operatório como preditor do diagnostico patológico final em câncer de endométrio

Abstract Objective To evaluate the agreement between the histopathological diagnoses of preoperative endometrial samples and surgical specimens and correlate the agreement between the diagnoses with the impact on surgical management and the survival of patients with endometrial adenocarcinomas. Methods Sixty-two patients treated for endometrial cancer at a university hospital from 2002 to 2011 were retrospectively evaluated. The histopathological findings of preoperative endometrial samples and of surgical specimens were analyzed. The patients were subjected to hysterectomy as well as adjuvant treatment, if necessary, and clinical follow-up, according to the institutional protocol. Lesions were classified as endometrioid tumor (type 1) grades 1, 2, or 3 or non-endometrioid carcinoma (type 2). Results The agreement between the histopathological diagnoses based on preoperative endometrial samples and surgical specimens was fair (Kappa: 0.40; p < 0.001). However, the agreement was very significant for tumor type and grade, in which a higher concordance occurred at a higher grade. The percentage of patients with lymph nodes affected was 19.2%;. Although most patients presenting with disease remission or cure were in the early stages (90.5%;), there were no significant differences between those patients who had a misdiagnosis (11/16; 68.8%;) and those who had a correct diagnosis (25/33; 75.8%;) based on preoperative endometrial sampling (p = 0.605). Conclusion Our findings corroborate the literature and confirm the under staging of preoperative endometrial samples based on histopathological assessment, especially for lower grade endometrial tumors. We suggest that the preoperative diagnosis should be complemented with other methods to better plan the surgical management strategy.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a concordância entre os diagnósticos histopatológicos de amostras endometriais pré-operatórias e cirúrgicas de pacientes com adenocarcinomas endometriais e avaliar o impacto da concordância entre os diagnósticos no planejamento cirúrgico e sobrevida das pacientes. Métodos Dados de 62 pacientes com câncer de endométrio operadas entre 2002 a 2011 em um hospital universitário foram avaliadas retrospectivamente. As pacientes foram submetidas à histerectomia e tratamento adjuvante, se necessário, e acompanhadas clinicamente de acordo com o protocolo institucional. Foram avaliados os resultados das análises histopatológicas das amostras endometriais pré-operatórias e cirúrgicas. As lesões foram classificadas como tumor endometrioide (tipo 1) graus 1, 2 ou 3 ou carcinoma não endometrioide (tipo 2). Resultados De modo geral, houve uma concordância baixa entre os diagnósticos histopatológicos das amostras endometriais pré-operatórias e cirúrgicas (Kappa: 0,40; p < 0,001). Entretanto, uma alta concordância entre os diagnósticos foi observada nos tumores de graus mais elevados. Comprometimento de linfonodos ocorreu em 19,2%; das pacientes e a maioria das que apresentaram remissão ou cura foram diagnosticadas nos estágios iniciais da doença (90,5%;). Não houve diferença significativa na taxa de remissão ou cura entre as pacientes que tiveram concordância (25/33; 75,8%;) ou divergência (11/16; 68,8%;) entre os resultados histopatológicos pré-operatórios e cirúrgicos (p = 0,605). Conclusão Nossos achados corroboram a literatura e confirmam o sub-estadiamento de amostras endometriais pré-operatórias com base na avaliação histopatológica, especialmente para tumores endometriais de baixo grau. Outros métodos complementares são necessários para um diagnóstico pré-operatório mais preciso a fim de melhorar o planejamento cirúrgico.

Hernia de Grynfelt resuelta por vía laparoscópica: reporte de un caso / Grynfelt ́s hernia resolved laparoscopically: a case report

RESUMEN Las hernias lumbares son una patología rara que involucra herniación de los contenidos intraabdominales o retroperitoneales a través de debilidades congénitas o adquiridas en la pared abdominal posterolateral. El tratamiento quirúrgico es el recomendado, sin embargo, la vía de abordaje aún no está estandarizada en la literatura, pero existe mucha evidencia a favor de la laparoscopía con mejores resultados en el control del dolor posoperatorio, resultados estéticos y menor estancia hospitalaria. Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente feme-nina de 55 años con cuadro de dolor lumbar izquierdo de 6 meses de evolución que fue diagnosticada de hernia del triángulo posterior por estudio de imagen. La reparación de su defecto herniario fue con tratamiento quirúrgico por vía laparoscópica.Palabras claves: Hernia; cirugía laparoscópica; procedimientos quirúrgicos operativos; patología quirúrgica; informes de caso.

ABSTRACT Lumbar hernia are a rare pathology that involves herniation of the intra-abdominal or retroperitoneal contents through congenital or ac-quired weaknesses in the posterolateral abdominal wall. Surgical treatment is recommended, however, the approach is not yet standard-ized in the literature, but there is much evidence in favor of laparoscopy with better results in postoperative pain control, cosmetic results, and shorter hospital stay. We present the clinical case of a 55-year-old female patient with a 6-month history of left lumbar pain who was diagnosed with posterior triangle hernia by imaging study. The repair of her hernia defect was with laparoscopic surgical treatment.Keywords: Hernia; laparoscopic surgery; operative surgical procedures; surgical pathology; case report.

Prevalence of lymph node involvement in patients with endometrial cancer, Colombia 2009-2016: Exploratory analysis of associated factors / Prevalencia del compromiso ganglionar en pacientes con cáncer de endometrio, colombia 2009-2016: análisis exploratorio de factores asociados

RESUMEN Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia del compro miso ganglionar de pacientes con cáncer de endometrio y hacer una exploración de los factores asociados a la invasión ganglionar. Materiales y métodos: estudio de prevalencia con análisis exploratorio. Se incluyeron pacientes con cáncer de endometrio llevadas a histerectomía abdominal total más salpingooforectomía bilateral y linfadenectomía pélvica, con o sin linfadenectomía paraaórtica en siete centros de oncología de Colombia, en el periodo 2009-2016. Se excluyeron pacientes con radioterapia o quimioterapia previa, diagnóstico histológico de tumores neuroendocrinos, carcinosarcomas, tumores sincrónicos o metacrónicos. Muestreo no probabilístico. Tamaño muestral n = 290. Variables medidas: sociodemográficas, clínicas e histopatológicas y compromiso ganglionar pélvico o paraaórtico. Se presenta la prevalencia de periodo; el análisis exploratorio se realizó por medio de odds ratio (OR) crudo y el ajustado mediante un modelo multivariado (regresión logística no condicional). Resultados: se obtuvieron 467 casos de los cuales se excluyeron 163 por no presentar la totalidad de las variables, se estudiaron 304 pacientes. La prevalencia del compromiso ganglionar fue del 15,8 % (48/304). Los factores asociados al compromiso ganglionar en el análisis crudo y ajustado fueron la invasión linfovascular (OR ajustado = 9,32; IC 95 %: 4,27-21,15) e invasión miometrial (OR ajustado = 3.95; IC 95 %: 1,29-14,98). Conclusión: el 15 % de las pacientes sometidas a linfadenectomía tienen compromiso ganglionar. Se deben evaluar alternativas diagnósticas menos invasivas que la cirugía radical para establecer la invasión ganglionar.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the prevalence of lymph node involvement in patients with endometrial cancer and to explore factors associated with lymph node invasion. Materials and methods: Prevalence study with exploratory analysis. The study included patients with endometrial cancer who underwent total abdominal hysterectomy plus bilateral salpyingooophorectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy with or without para-aortic lymphadenectomy in seven oncology centers in Colombia between 2009 and 2016. Patients who had received prior radiotherapy or chemotherapy, with a histological diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors, carcinosarcomas or synchronous or metachronous lesions were excluded. Non-probabilistic sampling. Sample size n=290. Measured variables: sociodemographic, clinical and histopathological, and pelvic or para-aortic lymph node involvement. The prevalence for the period is presented. The exploratory analysis was conducted using crude odds ratio (OR) and adjusted OR by means of a multivariate model (unconditional logistic regression). Results: Overall, 467 cases were retrieved. Of them, 163 were excluded because of non-availability of all the variables. In total, 304 patients were studied. The prevalence of lymph node involvement was 15.8 % (48/304). In the crude and adjusted analysis, factors associated with lymph node involvement were lymphovascular invasion (adjusted OR: 9.32; 95 % CI 4.27-21.15) and myometrial invasion (adjusted OR: 3.95; 95 % CI 1.29-14.98). Conclusion: Of the patients undergoing lymphadenectomy, 15 % have lymph node involvement. Less invasive diagnostic options than radical surgery to ascertain lymph node invasion should be assessed.

Quiste óseo simple en el calcáneo: reporte de un caso / Simple osseous cyst of the calcaneus a case report

Las tumoraciones óseas son patologías producto de modificaciones en la estructura del hueso y en su contenido, pueden presentarse como lesiones tumorales benignas o malignas, primitivas o metastásicas, en dependencia de varios factores: la edad de presentación, localización, velocidad de crecimiento, reacción perióstica e infiltración a estructuras vecinas. Las publicaciones demuestran que los quistes óseos simples asintomáticos y pequeños no requieren tratamiento, hasta el 25% son de resolución espontánea posterior a una fractura patológica; mientras que quistes más grandes con corteza delgada, requieren de algún tipo de intervención. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de sexo femenino de 17 años de edad, que acude por presentar dolor de moderada intensidad en talón izquierdo que se intensifica a la deambulación, con un tiempo de 2 meses de evolución, posterior a un trauma contuso en esta región. Al examen físico se evidencia dolor a la digito presión y maniobras de movilización activa-pasiva en cara lateral externa a nivel de calcáneo de pie izquierdo. Se realiza radiografía lateral simple de calcáneo izquierdo, donde se evidencia una lesión lítica circular de 3 por 3 cm que compromete la región anteroinferior de calcáneo. En conclusión, el quiste óseo simple o solitario, es una patología benigna, que, aunque no ponga en peligro la vida de la persona puede afectar seriamente la funcionalidad del pie. En la actualidad no existe un tratamiento estandarizado para el manejo de esta patología, las técnicas quirúrgicas actuales en especial el curetaje y el autoinjerto óseo resultan muy prometedoras.

Bone tumors are pathologies resulting from modifications in the bone structure and its content, they can present as benign or malignant, primitive or metastatic tumor lesions, depending on various factors: age of presentation, location, growth rate, periosteal reaction and infiltration to neighboring structures. The publications show that small, asymptomatic and small bone cysts do not require treatment, up to 25% are spontaneous resolution after a pathological fracture; while larger cysts with thin bark require some type of intervention. The case of a 17-year-old female patient is presented, who presents for presenting moderate intensity pain in the left heel that intensifies on ambulation, with a time of 2 months of evolution, after a blunt trauma in this region. On physical examination, pain from the pressure digit and active-passive mobilization maneuvers were evidenced on the external lateral aspect at the calcaneus level of the left foot. A simplelateral radiograph of the left calcaneus was performed, showing a 3 by 3 cm circular lytic lesion involving the anteroinferior region of the calcaneus. In conclusion, simple or solitary bone cyst is a benign pathology that, although it does not endanger the person's life, can seriously affect the functionality of the foot. Currently, there is no standardized treatment for the management of this pathology, current surgical techniques, especially curettage and bone autograft are very promising.

Agreement between surgical and histopathological findings in patients with acute appendicitis at a level III hospital in Bogotá, Colombia / Concordancia entre los hallazgos quirúrgicos e histopatológicos en pacientes con apendicitis aguda en un hospital de tercer nivel deBogotá, Colombia

Introduction. Currently surgical findings dictate the post-operative treatment of patients with acute appendicitis; however, this relies only on the judgement of the surgeon during the appendectomy. This study aimed to determine the inter-rater reliability between surgeons and pathologists at a tertiary hospital.Methods. This was a cross-sectional retrospective study conducted between October 2015 and October 2016 at the Central Military Hospital in Bogotá. Patients who underwent appendectomy due to suspected acute appendicitis and had histopathological with their respective surgical findings were included. Our aim was to determine the agreement between surgical and pathology reports. Results. During the study period, we identified 418 patients who underwent appendectomy. Surgeons assessed 32 (7.77%) appendix as negative, 78 (18.93%) as inflamed, 110 (26.7%) as suppurative, 137 (33.25%) gangrenous and 55 (13.35%) as perforated. Highest agreement was observed in patients with suppurative appendicitis (82/110; 74.5%). Overall Kappa indicated a poor-fair agreement between the pathologist and surgeons (Kappa = 0.2950, 95% CI 0.2384-035.17, p < 0.0001).Conclusion. There is a poor concordance between surgical and pathologic findings in our study, which is similar to previous articles. As a take home message, surgeons and pathologist should revise the definition of the clinical and the histopathological criteria to better describe the findings and reach a better agreement

Introducción. Los hallazgos quirúrgicos actuales dictan el tratamiento postoperatorio de los pacientes con apendicitis aguda; sin embargo, esto se basa únicamente en el juicio del cirujano durante la apendicectomía. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la correlación de la evaluación entre cirujanos y patólogos en un hospital de tercer nivel. Métodos. Estudio transversal retrospectivo realizado entre octubre de 2015 y octubre de 2016 en el Hospital Militar Central de Bogotá. Se incluyeron pacientes que se sometieron a apendicectomía debido a sospecha de apendicitis aguda y tenían histopatología con sus respectivos hallazgos quirúrgicos. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la concordancia entre el informe quirúrgico y el de patología.Resultados. Durante el período de estudio, identificamos a 418 pacientes que se sometieron a apendicectomía. Los cirujanos evaluaron 32 (7,77%) apéndices como negativos, 78 (18,93%) como inflamados, 110 (26,7%) como supurativos, 137 (33,25%) gangrenosos y 55 (13,35%) como perforados. La mayor concordancia se observó en pacientes con apendicitis supurativa (82/110; 74.5%). En general, Kappa indicó un acuerdo poco equitativo entre el patólogo y los cirujanos (Kappa = 0.2950, IC 95% 0.2384-035.17, p <0.0001).Conclusión. Hay una pobre concordancia entre los hallazgos quirúrgicos y patológicos en nuestro estudio, similar a los documentos médicos anteriores. Como mensaje, los cirujanos y el patólogo deben revisar la definición de los criterios clínicos e histopatológicos para describir mejor los hallazgos y llegar a un mejor acuerdo

Calcinose idiopática escrotal: uma inabitual desordem de pele / Idiopathic scrotal calcinosis: an unusual skin disorder

A calcinose escrotal idiopática é uma entidade rara, benigna. Não costuma ter outros sintomas associados. O caso reportado se trata de um paciente de 30 anos com diversos nódulos calcificados em bolsa escrotal, com 15 anos de evolução. Como medida terapêutica, foi realizada excisão cirúrgica completa dos nódulos, apresentando boa evolução cirúrgica e resultados estético e funcional satisfatórios.

Idiopathic scrotal calcinosis is a rare benign entity. Patients affected by scrotal calcinosis usually do not have other associated symptoms. We report the case of a 30-yearold man with several calcified nodules in the scrotal sac with onset at age 15 years. A complete surgical excision of the nodules was performed, and the patient recovered well with satisfactory aesthetic and functional results.

Lesión de Dieulafoy en estómago como causa de sangrado gastrointestinal alto: presentación de un caso / Dieulafoy's lesion in stomach as cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding: case report

Resumen La lesión de Dieulafoy representa aproximadamente el 2% de todos los casos de hemorragia gastrointestinal superior. En la mayoría de casos esta anomalía se ubica en el estómago, principalmente en la curvatura menor. Se presenta el caso de un adulto joven con hematemesis y signos de hipovolemia. Durante la esofagogastroduodenoscopia se evidenció un coágulo adherido en el cuerpo gástrico a nivel de la curvatura mayor, sugestivo de lesión de Dieulafoy. Inicialmente se realizó manejo médico sin mejoría significativa, por lo que se realizó laparotomía exploratoria con resección de la malformación vascular, finalmente con el informe histopatológico se confirmó el diagnóstico. A pesar de ser una causa infrecuente de hemorragia gastrointestinal superior, la lesión de Dieulafoy debe considerarse entre los diagnósticos diferenciales, especialmente si la hemorragia persiste aún con manejo médico. MÉD.UIS.2019;32(i):27-31.

Abstract Dieulafoy's lesion represents approximately 2% of all causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. In most cases, this malformation is located in the stomach, mainly in the lesser curvature. We present the case of a young adult with hematemesis and signs of hypovolaemia. During the esophagogastroduodenoscopy, a clot adhering to the gastric body was seen at the level of the greater curvature, suggestive of Dieulafoy's lesion. Initially, medical management was performed without significant improvement, so an exploratory laparotomy was performed with resection of the vascular malformation, the histopathological report confirmed the diagnosis. Despite being an uncommon cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, the Dieulafoy lesion must be considered among the differential diagnoses, especially if the hemorrhage persists even with medical management. MÉD.UIS.2019;32(1):27-31.

Complicaciones de las derivaciones urinarias heterópicas no continentes: Ureterostomías cutáneas vs conducto ileal / Complications of Non-continent Heteropic Urinary Derivations: Skin Ureterostomies vs Ileal Duct

Introducción Y Objetivos Las derivaciones del tracto urinario abarcan una amplia gama de técnicas quirúrgicas, siendo la causa más frecuente para su uso la patología urotelial maligna. De las derivaciones urinarias no continentes heterótopicas las más utilizadas son el conducto ileal y las ureterostomias cutáneas. La elección de la técnica dependerá de la patología de base, las condiciones del paciente y la experiencia del cirujano. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar las complicaciones tempranas (≤30 días) y tardías (>30 días) de derivaciones urinarias heterópicas no continentes (DUHNC) tipo conducto ileal (CI) vs ureterostomias cutáneas (UC). Métodos Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de los pacientes llevados a DUHNC tipo CI o UC, desde enero del 2008 a julio del 2016, en un centro de referencia para patología oncológica. Se evaluó: edad, género, comorbilidades, escala de Karnofsky, patología quirúrgica, sangrado, ASA, tiempo quirúrgico, estancia hospitalaria, complicaciones tempranas y tardías. Resultados De los 70 pacientes incluidos, 26 con UC y 44 con CI, prevaleciendo el género masculino en ambos grupos. El promedio de edad fue de 66 y 63 años respectivamente y el indice Karnofsky en todos los pacientes fue superior al 90%. La causa más frecuente fue patología maligna de vejiga. El tiempo quirúrgico fue mayor en los pacientes del CI, siendo estadísticamente significativo (p = 0.000). El sangrado fue similar en ambas técnicas quirúrgicas requiriendo transfusión de hemoderivados el 92,3% de los pacientes con UC y 88,6% de los CI. La estancia hospitalaria no tuvo diferencias. En cuanto a las complicaciones tempranas, la más frecuente en ambos grupos fue el choque hipovolémico (61% UC y 58% CI). De las complicaciones tardías la sepsis urinaria prevaleció en ambos grupos (34% y 18% respectivamente) y la estrechez del estoma y la anastomosis ureteroileal se presentaron en las UC y en los CI respectivamente. La mortalidad en el transoperatorio fue del 12,8%. Conclusiones Las DUHNC como las ureterostomias cutáneas o el conducto ileal son técnicas quirúrgicas con tasas de sangrado, transfusión y estancia hospitalaria similares, pero con una menor proporción de complicaciones tanto tempranas como tardías en los pacientes llevados a conducto ileal

Introduction and Objectives The derivations of the urinary tract cover a wide range of surgical techniques, being the most frequent cause for its use the malignant urothelial pathology. Of the urinary diversions, the heterotopic continents are the ileal conduit and the cutaneous ureterostomies. The choice of technique will depend on the underlying pathology, the patient's conditions and the experience of the surgeon. The aim of this study is to determine the early complications (≤30 days) and late complications (> 30 days) of noncontinental heteropic urinary diversions (NHUD) type ileal conduit (IC) vs cutaneous ureterostomies (CU). Methods A retrospective descriptive study was conducted of patients referred to NHUD type CI or CU, from January 2008 to July 2016, in a referral center for oncological pathology. We evaluated: age, gender, comorbidities, Karnofsky scale, surgical pathology, bleeding, ASA, surgical time, hospital stay, early and late complications. Results Of the 70 patients included, 26 with CU and 44 with IC, the male gender prevailing in both groups. The average age was 66 and 63 years respectively and the Karnofsky index in all patients was over 90%. The most frequent cause was malignant pathology of the bladder. Surgical time was higher in IC patients, being statistically significant (p = 0.000). Bleeding was similar in both surgical techniques requiring transfusion of blood products 92.3% of patients with CU and 88.6% of IC. The hospital stay did not differ. Regarding the early complications, the most frequent in both groups was hypovolemic shock (61% CU and 58% CI). Of the late complications, urinary sepsis prevailed in both groups (34% and 18% respectively) and the narrowing of the stoma and the ureteroileal anastomosis were present in the CU and in the IC, respectively. The mortality in the transoperative period was 12.8%. Conclusions NHUD such as cutaneous ureterostomies or ileal conduit are surgical techniques with similar rates of bleeding, transfusion and hospital stay, but with a lower proportion of complications both early and late in patients taken to the ileal conduit.

Completeness and adequacy of clinical and demographic information in non- gynaecologic surgical pathology requisition forms: an analysis of 1046 cases

BACKGROUND: An important cornerstone in health care delivery is the field of surgical pathology and one of its major aims is to provide a complete, precise and comprehensive diagnosis within a short period of time. In achieving this, the clinician needs to properly fill a surgical pathology requisition form.METHOD: All the consecutive requisition forms from January 1, 2018 to April 30, 2018, totaling 1046 were evaluated for completeness of the information. The requesting clinicians were unaware and cytologic smears were excluded. Patient confidentiality was maintained as no names were recorded. All the Information on the forms was recorded as being present or absent. Analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Science version 20.RESULTS: Altogether 1046 forms were evaluated and (100%) of the sample population bore the surnames and first names. Ages were recorded in 93.7%. Similarly, 68.2% of the forms did not bear the hospital number. Clinical summary and date of request were absent in 42.9% and 35.4% of the forms respectively. Clinicians name/ signature and investigation required were absent in 25.1% and 21.1% of the forms respectively. Overall, 77.6% of information was provided while 22.4% not provided.CONCLUSION: The names were completely filled in all the requisition forms. Others were incompletely filled. These findings should be communicated to Clinicians and the recurring attitude of allowing House Officers to fill the requisition forms should be discouraged. Efforts should also be made to let Clinicians appreciate the importance of good clinical information since this determines to a large extent the output of laboratory results

Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound and Shear Wave Elastography Evaluation of Crohn's Disease Activity in Three Adolescent Patients / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

Characterizing inflammation and fibrosis in Crohn's disease (CD) is necessary to guide clinical management, but distinguishing the two remains challenging. Novel ultrasound (US) techniques: contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) and shear wave elastography (SWE) offer great potential in evaluating disease activity in pediatric patients. Three patients ages 16 to 20 with known CD underwent CEUS and SWE to characterize bowel wall inflammation and fibrosis. Magnetic resonance enterography, endoscopy, or surgical pathology findings are also described when available. The patients' disease activity included acute inflammation, chronic inflammation with stricture formation, and a fibrotic surgical anastomosis without inflammation. CEUS was useful in determining the degree of inflammation, and SWE identified bowel wall fibrosis. Used together these techniques allow for better characterization of the degree of fibrosis and inflammation in bowel strictures. With further validation CEUS and SWE may allow for improved characterization of bowel strictures and disease flares in pediatric patients suffering from CD.

Evolución de pacientes con adenoma hipofisario después de resección quirúrgica vía transesfenoidal en Hospital Teodoro Maldonado / Evolution of patients with pituitary adenoma after transsphenoidal surgical resection in Hospital Teodoro Maldonado

Los adenomas hipofisarios son tumores cerebrales benignos considerados como el tercer grupo de lesiones intracraneales en frecuencia tras los meningiomas y los gliomas. El tratamiento de esta patología puede ser clínico o quirúrgico, dependiendo del tipo de tumor. El tratamiento quirúrgico puede ser realizado por dos vías: transcraneal o transesfenoidal, la misma que puede ser por abordaje sublabial, transeptal o transnasal con uso de microscopio o endoscopio. Los resultados posquirúrgicos son objetivables a través de la revisión de historias clínicas para valorar sintomatología, niveles hormonales prequirúrgicos y posquirúrgicos, complicaciones para evidenciar los resultados de esta técnica. Objetivos: Determinar los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico por vía transesfenoidal utilizando abordaje transnasal endoscópico y transeptal microscópico en pacientes con adenomas hipofisarios. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, observacional, en el que se analizan 25 pacientes, que fueron hospitalizados para intervención neuroquirúrgica en el periodo comprendido entre enero 2014 a junio 2016 del Hospital Teodoro Maldonado Carbo. Resultados: Se analizaron 25 pacientes que fueron intervenidos por adenoma hipofisario por vía transesfenoidal, de los cuales 14 fueron mujeres y 11 varones. El rango de edad estuvo comprendido entre 13 y 79 años, con una media de 50 años. Según la clasificación por su tamaño, 3 pacientes presentaron microadenoma y 22 macroadenoma; 7 pacientes con adenoma hipofisario funcionante y 18 pacientes con adenoma hipofisario no funcionante. El 60 % de pacientes tuvo mejoría en la visión. En los adenomas hipofisarios funcionantes los niveles hormonales disminuyeron en 6 pacientes y en 1 paciente incrementó. Las complicaciones posquirúrgicas se presentaron en 6 pacientes, que representan un 24 % de pacientes; 2 presentaron fístula de líquido cefalorraquídeo, 2 pacientes empeoraron su sintomatología visual, 1 paciente desarrolló diabetes insípida y 1 paciente falleció en el posquirúrgico mediato. Conclusiones: El procedimiento transesfenoidal sea transeptal micróscopica o transnasal endoscópica son abordajes eficaces para el tratamiento quirúrgico de los pacientes con adenoma hipofisario.

Pituitary adenomas are benign brain tumors considered the third group of intracranial lesions in frequency after meningiomas and gliomas. The treatment of this pathology may be clinical or surgical depending on the type of tumor. Surgical treatment can be performed by 2-way transcranial or transsphenoidal, which can be by sublabial, transseptal or transnasal approach using a microscope or endoscope. The postoperative results are objectivable through the review of clinical histories to evaluate symptoms, pre-surgical and postsurgical hormone levels, complications to evidence the results of this technique. Objectives: To determine the results of transsphenoidal surgical treatment using transnasal endoscopic and microscopic transeptal approach in patients with pituitary adenomas. Methodology: A descriptive, retrospective, observational study in which 25 patients were analyzed, who were hospitalized for neurosurgical intervention in the period between 2014 and June 2016 of the Hospital Teodoro Maldonado Carbo. Results: We analyzed 25 patients who underwent transsphenoidal pituitary adenoma, 14 of whom were women and 11 men. The age range was between 13 and 79 years, with an average of 50 years. According to the classification by their size 3 patients presented microadenoma and 22 macroadenoma; 7 patients with functioning pituitary adenoma and 18 patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma. Sixty percent of patients had improvement in vision. In functional pituitary adenomas, hormonal levels decreased in 6 patients and in 1 patient increase. Postoperative complications were presented in 6 patients representing 24% of patients, 2 had cerebrospinal fluid fistula, 2 patients worsened their visual symptomatology, 1 patient developed diabetes insipidus and 1 patient died in the postoperative period. Conclusions: The transsphenoidal procedure is transosseous or endoscopic transnasal micróscopica are effective approaches for the surgical treatment of patients with pituitary adenoma.

Aberrant uterine leiomyomas with extrauterine manifestation: intravenous leiomyomatosis and benign metastasizing leiomyomas

OBJECTIVE: Intravenous leiomyomatosis (IVL) and benign metastasizing leiomyoma (BML) are uncommon variants of benign uterine leiomyomas with extrauterine manifestations. Categorizing the extent of disease allows clinicians to delineate the clinical spectrum and the level of sophistication for complete surgical resection. METHODS: Twelve patients with IVL and BML were reviewed. They were divided into early versus late stage disease groups, and initial manifestation, clinical characteristics, laboratory values, surgical pathology, and follow up data were summarized. RESULTS: Patients were mostly pre- or peri-menopausal and parous. Patients with late stage disease were more likely to present with cardiac symptoms or abnormal findings on chest X-ray, whereas those with early stage disease presented with classical leiomyoma symptoms including heavy menstrual bleeding, increased myoma size, or lower abdominal discomfort. Tumor marker levels were within normal ranges. A trend of higher neutrophil to leukocyte ratio was observed in the late versus the early stage group (10.4 vs. 1.51, P=0.07); the platelet leukocyte ratio was statistically higher in patients with late stage IVL (0.23 vs. 0.13, P=0.04). The overall recurrence rate was 25%. No recurrence was observed in stage I or stage III IVL groups, while 50% of the stage II IVL group showed recurrence in the pelvic cavity. CONCLUSION: IVL and BML are benign myoma variants with paradoxically metastatic clinical presentation. Careful inquiry of systemic symptoms, the presence of underlying systemic inflammation, and a high index of suspicion are required for preoperative diagnosis. Furthermore, a multidisciplinary approach is necessary to improve outcomes of surgical resection.

Columnar Cell Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Ultrasonographic and Clinical Differentiation between the Indolent and Aggressive Types

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the ultrasonography (US) features and clinical characteristics of columnar cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (CCV-PTC) that can predict disease progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six cases of CCV-PTC were identified via surgical pathology analysis at our institution from 1994 to 2016. The histological, architectural, and cytological features met the diagnostic criteria of CCV-PTC. We reviewed the US features and clinicopathological findings in the six cases. RESULTS: An indolent clinical course was observed in four young female patients aged 27–34 years (median: 32 years), while two older patients aged 55 years or 70 years had an aggressive clinical course. All patients underwent total thyroidectomy and radioiodine therapy. The indolent group included patients with T1 and nodal metastasis, where the disease was not observed during the follow-up period (range: 8–17 years). On the other hand, a larger tumor size (1.8 cm and 6.0 cm), gross extrathyroidal extension to the muscle and lymph node, and distant metastasis were observed in the aggressive group. In one male patient, recurrence occurred immediately after operation, and this patient died 4 years after the diagnosis of thyroid cancer. Based on US, the individuals from the indolent group had a smooth margin, except for one. Both cases in the aggressive group had a microlobulated margin. CONCLUSION: Favorable prognosis in CCV-PTC is observed in young patients with T1 staging and demonstrates a smooth margin at US. These US findings might help exclude the same treatment as the aggressive type in the indolent type of CCV-PTC.

Ultrasonographic features differentiating thyroglossal duct cysts from dermoid cysts

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify ultrasonographic features that can be used to differentiate between thyroglossal duct cysts (TGDCs) and dermoid cysts (DCs). METHODS: We searched surgical pathology reports completed between January 2004 and October 2015 and identified 66 patients with TGDCs or DCs who had undergone preoperative ultrasonography. The ultrasound images were reviewed by two radiologists who were blinded to the pathological diagnosis. They evaluated the following parameters: dimensions, shape, margin, location in relation to the midline, level in relation to the hyoid bone, attachment to the hyoid bone, the depth of the lesion in relation to the strap muscles, internal echogenicity, internal echogenic dots, multilocularity, the presence of a longitudinal extension into the tongue base, posterior acoustic enhancement, the presence of internal septae, and intralesional vascularity. RESULTS: There were 50 TGDCs and 16 DCs. TGDCs were significantly more likely than DCs to have an irregular shape, an ill-defined margin, attachment to the hyoid bone, an intramuscular location, heterogeneous internal echogenicity, multilocularity, and longitudinal extension into the tongue base. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound findings may inform the differential diagnosis between TGDCs and DCs.

The History of Korean Thyroid Pathology

Pathologists play a critical role in the diagnosis and treatment planning of patients as well as in research. The first article of thyroid related research in Korea was reported in 1911. The Korean Society of Pathologists was found in 1946. In Korea thyroid fine needle aspiration cytology was introduced in the 1970s and became widely available in the 1980s. The Korean Society for Cytopathology was founded in 1986. Korean Endocrine Pathology Study Group was founded in 2007. Korean pathologists have been actively involved in internal and external scientific and educational activities. Herein, we briefly review the history of thyroid cytopathology and surgical pathology in Korea.